2025 综合阅读：跨段追踪作者态度

能力目标：跨段追踪作者态度

作者态度可能经历“承认价值—指出限制—提出修正”。只截取第一段的赞扬或第二段的批评都会失真。要记录每段对同一对象增加了什么限定，最终态度以全文收束为准。

自拟短文

Citizen-science projects allow volunteers to collect observations across areas professional teams cannot visit regularly. Their scale has helped researchers notice seasonal changes earlier.

Large participation, however, also creates uneven data. Volunteers use different devices and may interpret instructions differently. Simply collecting more reports does not remove these differences.

The strongest projects therefore combine broad participation with training, calibration and checks by specialists. Public involvement is not a substitute for scientific standards; properly organized, it can extend them.

题目：How does the author's view develop?

A. From rejection to complete trust.
B. From praise of scale to a qualified model combining scale with quality control.
C. From concern about costs to support for fewer volunteers.
D. From scientific standards to opposition to public involvement.

跨段轨迹

第一段给价值，第二段给数据质量限制，第三段综合为“参与规模 + 训练校准核验”。因此 B 保留态度演进。作者既未否定公众参与，也未无条件相信规模。

关键词边界

not a substitute ...; properly organized, it can extend them 是典型有限支持：不是替代，而是在条件满足时扩展。A 删除条件，D 反向理解，C 添加成本话题。

独立练习

第二段在论证中是什么功能？

**答案：**承认大规模参与带来的质量风险，为第三段的训练、校准和专业核验提供必要理由。

独立动作验收

为三段各写“对象+功能”，再用一句含“虽然……但只有……才……”的话概括作者最终态度。