2007—2009 进阶：干扰项的六类变形

能力目标：拆解干扰项

错误选项不是随机错误，而是对正确命题做有限变形。训练时要能指出变形发生在对象、关系、范围、程度、时间还是因果方向。会给错项命名，才算真正摆脱“两个都像”。

自拟短文

A university offered free breakfast during examination weeks. Attendance at early library sessions increased slightly, while attendance later in the day changed little. The organizers cautioned that the program had run for only one term and that students had chosen whether to participate.

题目：What can be concluded from the program?

A. Free breakfast caused all students to study earlier.
B. Early library attendance rose modestly during the trial.
C. Library use increased equally throughout the day.
D. The program had already proved effective over many years.

四项解剖

B 保留 increased slightly 和试行语境，是最小结论。A 同时犯三错：把相关加强为因果，把部分参与者扩大为所有学生，把 modest increase 扩大为学习行为整体改变。C 与 later ... changed little 冲突；D 把一学期改成多年，并把有限观察改成已证实。

为什么强措辞危险

all, always, only, prove, completely 需要非常强的原文证据；但它们并非天然错误。如果原文确实写 only，正确选项也可保留。判断不能靠“绝对词必错”口诀，而要比较证据强度。

两步排除法

先问选项是否谈同一对象和同一问题；再核对范围与程度。第一步可快速排除答非所问，第二步处理看起来最像的两个选项。

迁移题

原文：The change was observed in two of the five departments. 哪项更准确？

A. Every department changed.
B. A minority of the departments showed the change.

**答案：B。**two of five 是少数。A 为范围扩大。

独立验收

为 A、C、D 各写至少一个具体标签，并把 B 改写成另一句不改变范围与程度的话。参考：The trial saw a small rise in attendance at morning library sessions.