完成时家族：现在完成进行时与过去完成时

KET 只考现在完成时。PET 新增两个成员，把「时间线」补全。

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一、现在完成进行时：have/has been + 动词ing

用来强调「动作从过去持续到现在，而且还在继续」。

• I have been waiting for an hour.（等了一小时，还在等）
• She has been learning Chinese since 2020.（一直在学）
• It has been raining all day.（下了一整天，现在还在下）

和现在完成时的区别（这是考点）：

	现在完成时	现在完成进行时
强调	结果	过程和持续
例	I have read three books.（读完了三本）	I have been reading all morning.（读了一上午）
例	She has written a letter.（信写好了）	She has been writing a letter.（一直在写，可能没写完）

判断口诀：看重「做完没有」用完成时，看重「做了多久」用完成进行时。

典型信号词：for、since、all day、all morning、recently、lately

注意：状态动词（know、like、be、have 表「有」）不用进行形式——

• I have known him for years.（对）
• I have been knowing him.（错）

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二、过去完成时：had + 过去分词

用来表示「过去的过去」——在过去某个时间点之前就已经完成的事。

When I arrived, the film had already started.
（我到的时候，电影在那之前就开始了）

时间线：电影开始 → 我到达 → 现在

过去完成时永远和另一个过去时间同时出现。单独一句 I had eaten. 是不成立的——必须有一个参照点。

常见搭配：

句型	例
By the time + 过去时, 主句用过去完成	By the time he came, we had finished.
When + 过去时, 另一件事用过去完成	When she arrived, the train had left.
before / after	He had left before I arrived.
表示「原本以为」	I thought you had gone home.

after 和 before 的特殊性：这两个词本身已经表明了先后，所以用不用过去完成时都可以：

• After he had finished / finished his homework, he went out.（都对）

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三、三种「完成」的对比

时态	参照点	例
现在完成	现在	I have finished.（现在做完了）
现在完成进行	现在，强调过程	I have been working for hours.
过去完成	过去某一刻	I had finished before he came.

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四、PET 里怎么考

• 阅读 Part 6：填 had、been、have
• 听力：讲述经历时大量出现
• 写作 Part 2 故事：过去完成时是讲故事的利器——用它交代「之前发生了什么」，故事立刻有层次

When Tom got to the station, the train had already left. He had forgotten to set his alarm.

在故事里用一次过去完成时，Language 分会明显提高。

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练习：填空

1. I ____ (wait) here for two hours and she still hasn't come.
2. When we arrived at the cinema, the film ____ (already begin).
3. She ____ (learn) English since she was six.
4. By the time I got home, my parents ____ (go) to bed.
5. It ____ (rain) all morning — look at the streets!